Prepared By:
Dr. Charles Ruark, Jr.
February 21, 2024

*Reference “DNA Analysis- A PDF” for this article.

It’s important to show that there is essentially one Universal or Standard genetic or DNA Code for all of life. I think very few Ph.D. biochemists understand digital systems or computer codes. The very fact that all the variations remain computer codes will tell you, if you understand codes, that these variations are completely inconsequential to my central assertion that there is essentially, and for all practical purposes as far as we are concerned, one Code of life. In addition, the variations remain an enigma to evolutionary theory as you will see below.

The variations in the genetic code are reassignments of various codons to 15 of its 20 amino acids, and the reassignment of the stop signals of the Code to various amino acids. They pose no problem to our assertion that there is one universal DNA Code. To understand this, let’s examine the similarities that all the DNA Codes (genomes) have in common. All genetic codes are DNA Codes and vice versa. It’s only terminology. Below are the properties that all variations of the genetic code have in common.

All DNA Codes use the same four bases or nucleotides A, G, C, T (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine). In the DNA of all chromosomes there are four bases (A, G, C, and T) with no exceptions anywhere in nature for all of life. Think how remarkable this is. A code is defined as a systematic standardized use of a given set of symbols, used to store or represent information. A symbol can be defined as a thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract. In the case of the DNA Code the codons are the material objects (triplet combinations of four small molecules, AGCT) that represent the building blocks of life, i.e., proteins. The very concept of a code excludes the concept of chance or probability in its formation. The set of possible codes is not a countable set and is therefore infinite. Even the simple stoplight code is impossible to have formed by chance. The chance association of the words stop, caution, and go to the colors of red, yellow, and green is zero. Intelligence must be involved. This is obvious and the DNA Code is far more elegant and complex than the stoplight code as you will see. What I have just asserted eliminates the possibility of life on earth having evolved because all life as we know it is based on the DNA Code. The DNA Code could not have been formed by chance because there was not enough time. Evolutionary scientists hold that once the conditions on earth were favorable for life, life in the form of the first primordial cell, formed very quickly. The earth according to evolutionary theory is about 4.5 billion years old, and the first primordial cell formed in the primordial soup about 4 billion years ago.

“It appears that life first emerged at least 3.8 billion years ago, approximately 750 million years after Earth was formed (Figure 1.1). How life originated and how the first cell came into being are matters of speculation, since these events cannot be reproduced in the laboratory.” —National Institutes of Health, “The Origin and Evolution of Cells”.

If you are Christian and interested in science and the intellectual defense of the Faith, it is fundamental that you understand this basic fact.

NASA understands the above and attempts to do an end run around it. So, its definition of life is: “Life is a self-sustaining chemical reaction capable of Darwinian evolution.” There is no mention of a code being an absolute requirement for the existence of life. But exactly what is Darwinian evolution? It is by definition on earth, the favorable modification of a genome using random mutation and natural selection as the evolutionary engine, i.e. survival of the fittest organisms whose biochemistries are based on the DNA Code. Mutations are errors in DNA replication arising by random chance. Nothing living on earth has ever been observed whose biochemistry is not based on the DNA Code. However, on other planets in the universe according to NASA, there theoretically could be biochemistries that are based on something other than the DNA Code. But think of what a stretch this is. No one has ever proposed such a biochemistry or organism other than in a popular video.

The only “thing” that we know of capable Darwinian evolution requires a code, i.e. the DNA code, be it on earth or on another planet. We refer to this “thing” as life. This eliminates random chance as the originator of life and thus evolution because it is based on random chance.

Using NASA’s definition of life, its creation in a laboratory on earth has never been achieved. The existence of life on another planet without a DNA Code is pure speculation and science fiction. If such life existed on other planets the biological markers that NASA uses to detect DNA based life like oxygen, ozone, methane, etc. would be unknown.

Proteins are the building blocks of life and more specifically of the human body. Proteins are composed of amino acids which are small molecules that are found in our foods. There are 20 of them. Nine are essential. The body can form the remaining 11 through metabolism. Amino acids are the most basic information of the Code. It is the sequences of these amino acids that determine the biochemical properties of all proteins. Proteins are sequences of amino acids that average about 400-500 amino acids in length. Now in terms of a code, one can think of all the genomes of life as long sequences of codons with each codon representing one and only one amino acid and each sequence of these codons representing a unique protein. Using alanine as the example, this is why we can write:

GCA = Ala

Codons are the symbols representing the amino acids (the information), and the many sequences of these symbols (the codons) represent all the proteins of life. There are no exceptions to this rule. The genome of any organism represents the proteins of that organism as long sequences of symbols which are the codons. So, let’s plug this into our definition of a code: a code is the standardized systematic use of a given set of symbols (codons), used (the sequences of codons are used) to represent information (proteins). This is true for all of life without exception. The decoding of these symbols (the codons) occurs at the ribosomes where the amino acids are sequentially strung together to create the proteins of life.

The Standard DNA Code qualifies as a computer code. What does this mean? Computer codes must satisfy three stringent requirements. First, every input must have one and only one output. Second, all the inputs and outputs must be accounted for. This means that there must be an output for every input. Third, the code in question must be combinational. That the genetic codes of all of life are computer codes is amazing. First, although each amino acid may be assigned multiple codons, no codon ever represents or outputs more than one amino acid. Second and third, there are 64 possible codons. This is because there are 64 unique combinations of the four molecules (A, G, C, T) taken three at a time (a codon is a triplet of these four bases), and every codon for all of life has at least one amino acid assigned to it. Thus, the output of every codon is accounted for.

Therefore, because the DNA Code is a true computer code, we can write a much more elegant and comprehensive equation than the simple equation I wrote above. In regard to the Standard Code, we can also write the following relationships:

Ala = GCA = m24 = J’KLM’N’O’ =  1 or True/Yes

where    24 = the binary number  011000

m24(011000) = 1

where A = 00, G = 01, C = 10, U = 11

We can also write the more comprehensive equation:

Ala = GCA + GCG + GCC + GCU = m24 + m25 + m26 + m27 = J’KLM’ =  1 or True/Yes/Open

Where GCA = m24, GCG = m25, GCC = m26, GCU = m27

Where A = 00, G = 01, C = 10, U = 11, + is the Boolean addition operator, and 0,1 are the identity elements of the Boolean set. They are not numbers.

These equations are Boolean relationships and are members of the Boolean set. One can correctly say that a codon is a symbol that is a member of the set of Boolean algebra. When Jesus created the codon, He created the set of Boolean algebra. These equations do not use the set of real numbers which is the set of numbers that calculus and physics use. They are fundamentally different from the equations of physics like the Einstein equation or Schrodinger equation. It is impossible for relationships like this to exist by random chance. They cannot exist without the prior existence of a code, i.e. the DNA Code. A code that can produce these equations required the existence of a Super Intelligence and that intelligence is Jesus. This is because the set of all possible codes is infinite. Therefore, the probability that evolution, which is based on random chance, could create the DNA Code is zero. According to modern cosmology, life came into being over a time span of about 500 million years and all life on earth is based on the DNA code. But it would require an infinite amount of time for random chance to create the abstract relationships that are the DNA Code.

The definition of modern cosmology is the study and understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe. Modern cosmology is a religion that is at its core atheistic and humanistic. This worldview hates God and therefore hates Jesus. Modern theoretical physicists who occupy the chairs of physics at the secular universities are the ultimate high priests of this antichrist religion. According to it, all the equations of physics are based on the relationships declared by the Singularity known as the Big Bang at time zero. These relationships by definition do not require intelligence to exist. Physics employs advanced calculus to describe these relationships. Every equation of physics must have a real number solution. Every equation of physics therefore is a member of a set that uses arithmetic operators such as addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division that we learned in grade school.

Evolution was once a theory that has now become an established fact. All current scientific research is based on evolution. However, for a theory to be credible, it must be falsifiable. Evolution never had a test that would render it falsifiable, yet it became a theory anyway that is now universally accepted. The very fact that the above equations can be written is unequivocal proof that evolution never happened and finally provides the test that renders evolution as false.

Here is a quote from the internet that supports my assertion:

“If a statement is made that cannot be tested and disproved, then it is not a hypothesis. Sometimes it is possible to restate an opinion so that it can become a hypothesis. A scientific theory is a hypothesis that has been extensively tested, evaluated by the scientific community, and is strongly supported.”

The above equations are not members of the set of ordinary algebra. 011000 and minterm m24 = J’KLM’N’O’ are members of the set of Boolean algebra. 0, 1 are identity elements and J, K, L, M, N, O represent general members of the set. “+” is the addition operator of the set. These equations have no real number solutions. They are not physical in origin. They are not natural numbers. For example, in the Boolean set 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 as opposed to 3 and a + a + a = a as opposed to 3a. Every equation of physics declared by the Singularity has a real number solution. The relationships declared by the Big Bang Singularity that employed gravity and random chance (evolution) to create life could never have constructed such an equation or relationship. Similar equations can be written for every codon and every amino acid of the Standard DNA Code. This impossibility provides the test that falsifies evolution.

“In electromagnetism and most other fields of physics, imaginary numbers are merely a mathematical convenience. All the relevant phenomena can still be described using nothing but real numbers.” (March 1, 2022, American Institute of Physics).

Let’s sum the above up: the Standard DNA Code qualities as a computer code. All computer codes are Boolean codes. It is impossible for random chance to create a Boolean code. This falsifies evolution as a theory. I believe that these relationships existed in Adam’s and Eve’s original genomes before the Fall. They were destroyed by the genetic toxin that our progenitors ingested, and now our race is left with a genome that decodes its information using only the left side of Table 2 which is the same decoding mechanism used by the lower organisms whose genetic codes we will examine below. These organisms never possessed the equations on the right side of the table or their digital networks.

 However, it is not necessary for Adam and Eve to have originally been digital to falsify evolution. It is the fact that the relationships described in these tables exist that falsifies evolution. This is because they cannot have been created by Darwinian evolution which is based on random chance and survival of the fittest. A Super Intelligence had to have existed to have produced them and that Super Intelligence was Jesus.

Because every code is formed by intelligence, it must have purpose and thus must have a standardized usage or expression. Therefore, every genome of all of life decodes/expresses itself, i.e., replicates, transcribes, and translates itself using the same basic mechanisms of replication using replication forks and Ozaki fragments, transcription using messenger RNA, and translation of the messenger RNA into proteins at the ribosomes using codon anticodon base pairing by means of transfer RNA molecules (t-RNA).

All genetic codes are redundant. According to reference biochemistry textbooks and all internet sources, the DNA Code is described as being “degenerate.” The etymology for the word “degenerate” is as follows:

“The term degenerate came from the Latin dēgenerātus, from dēgenerō, meaning “to be inferior” or “to become unlike of one’s kind.” “Synonyms: deteriorate; decay; degrade; decline.”

The implication being that the DNA Code is somehow inelegant and inefficient and that if intelligence had been involved, a better more efficient code would have been created.

This is a completely false assertion. The DNA Code is not degenerate. It is redundant. Almost every amino acid has multiple (redundant) codons assigned to it. This redundancy causes the Code to be resistant to mutations and is also the reason that it qualifies as computer code. Please see my article “How to Regain Immortality” for more discussion of degeneracy as it relates to the DNA Code. However, let me say at this point that without this so called “degeneracy” humanity could not survive. We would be overwhelmed by fatal mutations.

Now let’s examine the variations to the Standard Code. In so doing I need to state that this analysis is a summary of the research that I have done. My principal source was the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A., and the title was “The Genetic Codes.” However, I also used a number of ancillary sources to document my conclusions.

“Conservation” or “conserved” is defined as the rules of the Standard Code are not broken by the variation in the Code, thus the rules of the Standard Code are conserved or kept intact by the variation. “Unconserved” or “not conserved” means that the variation breaks a rule.

Code 1. Standard Code: Wobble Code (WC) is conserved. DNA Code is conserved. Conservation of both the WC and DNA Code is the Gold Standard for all the organisms of life. This code is nearly universal. I have summarized the variations of it below.

Code 2. Vertebrate Mitochondrial Code: 4 codon reassignments including the reassignment of the stop codon UGA to Trp. Met is reassigned to AUA and AUG; Wobble Code (WC) is conserved. DNA Code is conserved.

In so far as our discussion of the original genomes of Adam and Eve, Codes 1 and 2 are the genetic codes I am interested in. The genetic codes listed below are for very large groups (a phylum or kingdom) of organisms that can be multicellular or single cell in organization. These organisms had no digital networks. Mutations don’t bother them. Nevertheless, it is interesting to take a close look at them just to observe the codon reassignments (made by Jesus) to various amino acids and document that these organisms nevertheless always somehow maintain the fidelity of the Standard Code even though the bonding rules of the Wobble Code are occasionally broken.

The Genetic Codes: The Variations 

Code 3. Yeast Mitochondrial Code: 6 reassignments including a reassignment of the stop codon UGA to Trp. Met is reassigned to AUA and AUG;  Wobble Code (WC) is conserved. DNA Code is conserved.

Code 4.  Mold, Protozoan, and Coelenterate Mitochondrial Code and Mycoplasma/Spiroplasma Code: reassignment of the stop codon UGA to Trp; Wobble Code (WC) is conserved. DNA Code is conserved.

Code 5. The Invertebrate Mitochondrial Code: 4 reassignments including the reassignment of UGA to Trp; Met is reassigned to AUA and AUG; WC is conserved. DNA Code is conserved.

Code 6. The Ciliate, Dasycladacean and Hexamita Nuclear Code: reassignments of the stop codons UAA and UAG to Gln; WC is conserved. DNA Code is conserved.

Code 9. The Echinoderm and Flatworm Mitochondrial Code:  reassignment of UGA to Trp; reassignment of AAA from Lys to Asn. WC is not conserved. DNA Code is conserved. 2 other reassignments that do conserve the WC.

Comment: Sometimes the codon reassignments cause the WC to become unconserved (broken) where the reassignment(s) to other amino acid(s) occur. This means that the bonding rules for the WC are broken where the reassignments occur. However, with one rare exception the conservation of the DNA Code is always maintained.

Code 10. The Euplotid Nuclear Code: reassignment of UGA to Cys; WC is conserved; DNA Code is conserved.

Code 11. The Bacterial, Archaeal and Plant Plastid Code: Similar to the Standard Code. “The internal assignments are the same as in the Standard Code though UGA codes at low efficiency for Trp in Bacillus subtilis and, presumably, in Escherichia coli” (Hatfiled and Diamond, 1993). WC is conserved; DNA Code is conserved.

Code 12. The Alternative Yeast Nuclear Code: reassignment of CUG from Leu to Ser. WC is not conserved. Fidelity of DNA Code not conserved.

Discussion: In the yeast species Ascoidea asiatica, the CUG codon can code for both serine and leucine. This violates the rule of the Standard DNA Code of one codon for one amino acid. So far, this exception is only one observed in nature. It’s a rare codon that never occurs at critical positions in the genome where such a substitution of serine for leucine would alter the function of the protein. The gene in which the codon is found is infrequently expressed, i.e. not often used in protein synthesis.  And when it is, the protein the gene produces is defective. The literature refers to this codon substitution as “deleterious,” but I would refer to it as a genetic mutation that is causing the organism to potentially malfunction. Thus, this organism’s malfunction disqualifies it as a computer code.

Code 13. The Ascidian Mitochondrial Code: reassignment of Met to AUA and AUG; reassignment of AGA and AGG from Arg to Gly; reassignment of UGA to Trp; WC is conserved; DNA Code is conserved.

Code 14. The Alternative Flatworm Mitochondrial Code: 4 reassignments; both UAA and UAG are reassigned to Trp; WC is conserved; DNA Code is conserved.

Code 15. Blepharisma Nuclear Code: The stop codon UAG is reassigned to Gln; WC is not conserved where this reassignment occurs; DNA Code is conserved.

Code 16. Chlorophycean Mitochondrial Code: The stop codon UAG is reassigned to Leu; the AAA codon is reassigned from Lys to Asn; WC is not conserved where the reassignments occur. DNA Code is conserved.

Code 22: Scenedesmus obliquus Mitochondrial Code: Reassignment of UCA codon from Ser to stop; reassignment of UAG from stop to Leu; WC is not conserved where these reassignments occur; DNA Code is conserved.

Code 23. Thraustochytrium Mitochondrial Code: UUA is reassigned from Leu to Stop. WC is not conserved where this reassignment occurs; DNA Code is conserved.

Code 24. Rhabdopleuridae Mitochondrial Code: Reassignment of the stop codon UGA to Trp; reassignment of AGA from Arg to Ser; reassignment of AGG from Arg to Lys; other than UGA to Trp, the WC is not conserved where these reassignments occur; DNA Code is conserved.

25. Candidate Division SR1 and Gracilibacteria Code: the stop codon UGAis reassigned to Gly; WC is conserved. DNA Code is conserved.
26. Pachysolen tannophilus Nuclear Code: Reassignment of CUG codon from Leu to Ala. WC is not conserved where the reassignment occurs; DNA Code is conserved.
27. Karyorelict Nuclear Code: Reassignment of stop codons UAA and UAG to Gln; reassignment of stop codon UGA to Trp or Stop. WC is conserved; DNA Code is conserved.
28. Condylostoma Nuclear Code:  Reassignment of stop codons UAA and UAG to Gln; reassignment of stop codon UGA to Trp or Stop. WC is conserved; DNA Code is conserved.
29. Mesodinium Nuclear Code: Reassignment of stop codons UAA and UAG to Trp; WC is conserved; DNA Code is conserved.
30. Peritrich Nuclear Code: Reassignment of stop codons UAA and UAG to glutamine (Gln); WC is conserved; DNA Code is conserved.
31. Blastocrithidia Nuclear Code: Reassignment of the stop codons UAA and UAG to Trp or Stop; reassignment of the stop codon UGA to Trp. WC is conserved; DNA Code is conserved.
32. Cephalodiscidae Mitochondrial UAA-Tyr Code: Reassignment of the stop codon UAA to Tyr and the stop codon UGA to Trp; reassignment of AGA from Arg to Ser; reassignment of AGG from Arg to Lys; WC is not conserved, where the reassignments other than UGA to Trp occur; DNA code is conserved. Other than the reassignment of UAA to Tyr, this code is similar to Code 24: Rhabdopleuridae Mitochondrial Code.

Discussion: The variations in the genetic codes pose a serious problem for evolutionists. There had to be an original primordial cell that possessed the original DNA Code, not necessarily the Standard Code. It’s difficult even for evolutionists to believe in the almost instantaneous formation of multiple DNA Codes, i.e. multiple primordial cells over 500 million years, which eventually evolved into the existing variations and the nearly universal Standard Code. The observation that codon reassignments that cause a codon to output more than one amino acid is quite deleterious to the organism is demonstrated by Code 12, where the CUG codon can output both Ser and Leu. Yet for evolution to have occurred, reassignments that cause multiple outputs had to have occurred countless times. This is because the engine of evolution is random chance and survival of the fittest organisms. Here is a quote taken from “Origin and Evolution of the Genetic Code: the Universal Enigma” highlighting the problem:

“However, such scenarios for the code evolution are based on formal schemes whose relevance to the actual primordial evolution is uncertain. A real understanding of the code origin (original DNA Code—auth. note) and evolution is likely to be attainable only in conjunction with a credible scenario for the evolution of the coding principle itself and the translation system.”

I maintain that the “coding principle” can only be intelligence and actually a Super Intelligence, i.e., Jesus, because that is exactly what it would have taken to create the DNA Code. If you are a Christian, it is fundamental that you understand this.

So, let’s discuss the WC. The Wobble Code seems to be a fundamental property of every genetic code. Where it is not conserved causes the organism significant difficulty in order to avoid a dual output like that of the CUG codon discovered in Code 12. Of the 24 variations of the DNA Code, in organisms that are functioning properly, only eight of these genetic codes do not conserve the WC, and even when it is not conserved, it is not conserved only at amino acid residues of the protein that are not conserved where the variation occurs. A conserved amino acid residue is a critical amino acid in the protein chain where the substitution of a different amino acid would cause the protein to have a very significant malfunction. Even so, in non-critical areas in the protein chain where a substitution would not cause malfunction, non-conservation of the WC does not cause a violation of the fundamental rule of the Code, which is that a codon can only output one amino acid. In these areas and with the reassignments of the stop codons UAA and UAG to various amino acids, the organism always manages to avoid a dual output scenario; thus, maintaining the fidelity of its DNA Code to the rules of the Standard Code. The organism seems to know that it is quite important to maintain the fidelity of its genetic code even in non-critical areas of its proteins. In all the genetic codes in all of life, there are only 13 codon reassignments that cause the WC to become unconserved, but in every instance the fidelity of the organism’s DNA Code is maintained, i.e. conserved. This is quite remarkable. I do not count the rare exception found Code 12, because I believe it’s the code of a malfunctioning organism.

So, what can be said to sum up our article on “The Genetic Codes”? I believe the 24 variations exude intelligence, actually the Super Intelligence of Jesus. Their differences from the Standard Code are highly non-random regarding their reassignments. There are never more than 6 reassignments of codons and when they do occur, the fidelity of the DNA Code is always maintained, i.e. conserved even when the WC is not. The WC is rarely violated and when it is, it is always in a non-critical (unconserved) area of the protein chain. Evolution has no good answer to explain the origin of these variations. As Christians it is enough for us to know that it was Jesus who created the original Standard DNA Code on Day 3 of creation when He created the Plant Kingdom and that it was Jesus who, for reasons known only to Him, created the 24 variations. It is quite interesting from the standpoint of Day 3 of creation that plants use the same code (the Standard Code) for their proteins and for photosynthesis as well. See my article “Genetic Codes” which discusses the creation of the genetic codes into terms of the first chapter of Genesis.

The Mitochondrial Code for Plants is Code 11. It is identical to the Standard Code and the code of photosynthesis. “Chloroplasts, the organelles responsible for photosynthesis, are in many respects similar to mitochondria. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria function to generate metabolic energy, evolved by endosymbiosis, contain their own genetic systems, and replicate by division (quote taken off the internet—auth. note).”